Governing Equations

Monod Kinetics:
  μ = μmax · S / (Ks + S)

Cell Growth:
  dX/dt = μ · X - qd · X
  where X = viable cell density (cells/mL)
  qd = specific death rate

Substrate (Glucose):
  dS/dt = Feed - (μ/Yxs + m) · X
  Yxs = yield coefficient (cells/g glucose)
  m = maintenance coefficient

Product (Titer):
  dP/dt = qP · X
  qP = specific productivity

Lactate:
  dL/dt = Ylx · μ · X - qL · L
  Ylx = lactate yield from glucose

IVC (Integrated Viable Cell):
  IVC = ∫ X dt  (used for process comparison)